maa Apparent Matrix Density jisft 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Figure 5-100. Chart for finding apparent matrix density or apparent matrix transit time from bulk density or interval transit time and apparent total porosity 199 . 3 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2 Pmaa. Apparent Matrix Density g cc Figure 5-100. Chart for finding apparent matrix density or apparent matrix transit time from bulk density or interval transit time and apparent total porosity 199 . its propagation velocity is reduced. The wave then refracts to the borehole where it is...
D
Once R is known, it is converted to Rw using the chart shown in Figure 5-71 199 , SSP can come direcdy from the log if the bed is thick and the SP curve reaches a constant value and develops a flat top. If the curve is pointed or rounded, it must be corrected for bed thickness. The shape and amplitude of the SP are affected by 1. Thickness and resistivity of the permeable bed Rt . 2. Diameter of invasion and resistivity of flushed zone Rxo 3. Resistivity of the adjacent shales R, . 4....
1902
Gas Formation Volume Factor. The behavior of gas can be predicted from where p absolute pressure V volume of gas T absolute temperature n number of moles of gas R gas constant z factor to correct for nonideal gas behavior Since one lb mole is equivalent to 379 ft at 60 F and 14.7 psia 15 In this expression, Bg will be in reservoir barrels per standard ft3 RB scf . Gas formation volume factor can also be expressed in units of reservoir barrels per stock tank barrel or ft3 of gas at reservoir...
10
RESISTIVITY INDEX . I Figure 5-36. Variation of resistivity index with water saturation 42 , Figure 5-37. Effect of conductive solids on the relationship between resistivity index and water saturation 59 , The more general form of Equation 5-70, commonly used, is An even more general form recognizes that the constant, a, in Equation 5-49 is The foregoing equations are close approximations in clean formations having a regular distribution of porosity. The accuracy of the equations will not be as...
Hall Plot Water Injection
After interference, the equation in Table 5-44 for the 5-spot pattern can be used to estimate injectivity Additional details of estimating injectivity can be found in several good texts on this subject 197,254,278 . Monitoring injectivity. Injection well performance can be analyzed and monitored by several means. During and after a period of injection, the pressure transient methods discussed earlier can be used. Additionally, several bookkeeping methods of monitoring injection rates and...
Formation Volume Factor Of
Figure 5-25. Change of oil formation volume factor with gas in solution vs. oil In 1977, Standing's classic work 2 was reprinted 30 by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and an appendix was added by Standing that provides equations for several of the charts in the original work. Most of the equations were developed by simple curve fitting procedures. Some equations were based on computer solutions by other individuals details of this will not be presented here and the reader is referred to...
Rock Compressibility
The isothermal rock compressibility is defined as the change in volume of the pore volume with respect to a change in pore pressure a comparison of Newman's data with Hall's correlation for consolidated sandstones, friable sandstones, and unconsolidated sandstones. While the general trend of Newman's data on consolidated sandstones Figure 5-35b is in the same direction as Hall's correlation, the agreement is again poor. Figure 5-35c shows no correlation for Newman's friable sandstones and...
T
where Tc is the critical temperature. The critical pressure and temperature represent conditions above which the liquid and vapor phase are indistinguishable. Compressibility factor and gas formation volume factor can be more conveniently estimated by the use of programs available for hand-held calculators. These programs will be subsequently discussed. Oil Formation Volume Factor. The volume of hydrocarbon liquids produced and measured at surface conditions will be less than the volume at...
Archie Formation Factor
As shown in Figure 5-30, a relationship was suggested for calcareous sands Using these data, the nomograph in Figure 5-31 was constructed to solve the modified Archie expression Equation 5-49 when it is desired to vary both constants. Using 1,575 formation factors from California Pliocene well logs, Porter and Carothers 53 presented an in-situ relation and a similar relation for 720 formation factors from Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast logs This investigation used well log data from sandstone...
Fxn Of Dissolved Gas In A Reservoir
Reservoir oil may be saturated with gas, the degree of saturation being a function, among others, of reservoir pressure and temperature. If the reservoir oil has dissolved in it all the gas it is capable of holding under given conditions, it is referred to as saturated oil. The excess gas is then present in the form of a free gas cap. If there is less gas present in the reservoir than the amount that may be dissolved in oil under conditions of reservoir pressure and temperature, the oil is then...