191 Web sites of academic and research institutions
UltralightStructures.html Division of Applied Sciences, Harvard, Ultralight Structures programme http das- Details of papers on metal foams from the Harvard-based MURI project University of Virginia, Materials Science and Engineering IFAM Fraunhofer Institute, Bremen web site for metal foam research Information on titanium and steel hollow-sphere foams developed at Georgia Tech. Metals foam research at Cambridge, UK Northwestern University, Illinois, USA, research on foamed titanium Research...
Case studies
Metal foams already have a number of established and profitable market niches. At the high value-added end of the market, the DUOCEL range of metfoams are used as heat exchangers, both of the regenerative and the purely dissipative types they are used, too, as lightweight support structures for aerospace applications. The INCO nickel foams allow efficient, high current-drain rechargeable batteries. ALPORAS aluminum foams have been deployed as baffles to absorb traffic noise on underpasses and...
211 Literature on the manufacture of metal foams
Astro Met, Inc. Ampormat Porous Materials, Astro Met, Inc., Cinncinnati. Davies, G.J. and Zhen, S. 1983 Metallic foams their production, properties, and applications. Journal of Materials Science 18 1899-1911. Banhart, J. and Baumeister, J. 1988 Production methods for metallic foams. In Shwartz, D.S., Shih, D.S., Evans, A.G. and Wadley, H.N.G. eds 1998 Porous and Cellular Materials for Structural Application, Materials Research Society Proceedings, Vol. 521, MRS, Warrendale, PA, USA. a Metal -...
84 Notch sensitivity in static and fatigue loading
A practical concern in designing with metallic foams is the issue of damage tolerance in the presence of a notch or hole, does it fail in a notch-insensitive, ductile manner when the net section stress equals the uniaxial strength Or does it fail in a notch-sensitive, brittle manner, when the local stress at the edge of the hole equals the uniaxial strength We can answer this question immediately for the case of static compression of a foam containing a circular hole the large compressive...
22 Melt gas injection air bubbling
Pure liquid metals cannot easily be caused to foam by bubbling a gas into them. Drainage of liquid down the walls of the bubbles usually occurs too quickly to create a foam that remains stable long enough to solidify. However, 10-30 of small, insoluble, or slowly dissolving particles, such as aluminum oxide or silicon carbide, raise the viscosity of the aluminum melt and impede drainage in the bubble membrane, stabilizing the foam. Gas-injection processes are easiest to implement with aluminum...