630
Nearest equivalent specifications BS 1449 1970 284S16 540 1240 Readily hardens by cold working. Structural steels for applications where high strength is required. Nearest equivalent specifications BS 1449 1970 301S21 510 790 For spoons and forks, holloware, architectural and shop fittings, domestic catering, food manufacturing, dairy and brewery equipment. Nearest equivalent specifications BS 970 1983 302S25 Bs 1449 1970 302S17, 302S25 510 790 A general purpose austenitic free-cutting steel....
467 Orbital forging
The orbital forging process is intended to allow smaller machines to be used for suitable forging operations. This process is based on the simple concept that the axial force required to effect a desired deforming zone between the platens is confined to a small region. The plastic zone is then moved through the work piece, thus resulting in progressive deformation. The plastically deforming region is formed by initially indenting with a conical platen into the work piece which is supported by a...
3 1
Effective radius when roll is slipping faster than tube Effective radius when tube is slipping faster than roll Figure 4.51 Effective radius in roll design role in the design and operation of reducing mills and depends on the rolling condition. No-stretch conditions prevail when a tube passes through a single stand, so that its diameter is reduced without any external axial forces being applied to it the thickness also increases. In this case, where the change in wall thickness occurs purely as...
1318 Tool steels
The name 'tool steels' BS 4659 1971 and AISI SAE 'Tool steels' covers a wide variety of steels used for forming and cutting materials which have as essential properties high hardness, resistance to wear and abrasion and adequate toughness. There are, or have been, some 82 AISI standard steels, 25 BS steels and many non-standard steels, but it should be possible to meet almost all requirements from the 10 steels listed here. Carbon steels are used for hand tools and other applications where high...
22
0.03 max. 17 13.5 4.5 Resistance to strong organic acids at elevated temperatures. Increased reistance to pitting. Applicable below 300 C. Resists intergranular attack. Weldable for most applications water jets . Their metallurgy is similar to that of high speed steels. A recommended steel is AISI H13 BS 4659 BH13 this steel has the highest and deepest hardness of the hot work steels. Cold work steels are used for forming cold materials and resistance to abrasive wear is of highest importance....
138 Electrical steels
Electrical steels comprise a class of steel strip which is assembled and bolted together in stacks to form the magnetic cores of alternating current plant, alternators, transformers and rotors. Its essential properties are low losses during the magnetising cycle arising from magnetic hysteresis and eddy currents, high magnetic permeability and saturation value, insulated surfaces, and a low level of noise generation arising from magnetostriction. These parameters are promoted by maintaining the...
Bibliography
In addition to the publications specifically referred to in the text, the reader is referred to the following associations and publications. The addresses of relevant associations, etc., are given where appropriate. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS, The ASTM Metals Handbook, current edition, ASTM SAE, The SAE Handbook, current edition, SAE THE FULMER INSTITUTE, The Fulmer 'Optimiser', current edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam The Metals Reference Book, Butterworths, Oxford BRITISH STEEL...
134 Mechanical working of metals
This topic is included for convenience in this section on ferrous metals, but is more widely applicable. A metal is worked mechanically either to generate a shape more economically than can otherwise be obtained or to provide improved properties in strength, ductility and or fatigue not creep for which a cast structure is superior . The improvement in properties may, overall, be directional to resist a directional stress system, or statistical to ensure that a lower percentage of components...
Info Eer
The zinc and steel form an alloy at the interface. 'Electrogal-vanising' is achieved by electroplating zinc through an aqueous electrolyte. The thickness of coating is more uniform but usually thinner than that produced by other methods. 'Shera-dising' heating the component to 370 C in zinc powder produces a layer of uniform thickness. 'Zalutite' a trademark of British Steel Corporation , a 55 A1, 43.5 Zn, 1.5 Si silicon coated steel combines the protection of zinc and aluminium and in many...
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Figure 1.24 Isothermal diagrams showing the heat treatment of steel, a Quenching and tempering to give tempered martensite. b Austempering to give lower bainite. c Martempering to give tempered martensite. d Annealing to give ferrite and peariite. e Isothermal annealing to give ferrite and peariite Figure 1.24 Isothermal diagrams showing the heat treatment of steel, a Quenching and tempering to give tempered martensite. b Austempering to give lower bainite. c Martempering to give tempered...
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3 Steels with first three digits 905 have high aluminium contents and are specifically intended for surface-hardening by nitriding. However, steels 722M24 and 897M39 are also suitable for nitriding, as well as for general purposes. 4 As a general rule, steels quoted in any one block can be tempered down to the next lower tensile range. Equally, where a tensile range is quoted up to a certain maximum diameter, the properties can be attained on smaller diameters, but in practice this may be...
434
C 0.12 0.20 Cr 16.0 18.0 Ni 2.00 3.00 C 0.10 max. Cr 16.0 18.0 Mo 0.90 1.30 Ni 0.50 max. 850 1000 General engineering. Pump and valve parts in contact with non-ferrous metals or graphite packing . Nearest equivalent specifications BS 970 431S29 Ferritic stainless. Motor car trim. Nearest equivalent specifications BS 1449 434S19 Free machining versions of 13 Cr steels are available to BS 970 416S21, 416S29, 416S37. than nickel. These steels can be cold worked to higher strengths than the '300'...
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C 0.07 max. Cr 16.5 18.0 Ni 10.0 13.0 Mo 2.25 3.00 C 0.07 max. Cr 16.5 18.5 Ni 10.0 13.0 Mo 2.25 3.00 N 0.25 max. C 0.03 max. Cr 17.5 19.5 Ni 14.5 17.0 Mo 3.00 4.00 C 0.06 max. Cr 17.5 19.5 Ni 12.0 15.0 Mo 3.00 4.00 C 0.08 max. Cr 16.5 18.0 Ni 11.0 14.0 Mo 2.25 3.00 Ti 4 x C 0.60 C 0.08 max. Cr 17.0 19.0 Ni 9.00 11.0 Ti 5 x 00.10 C 0.08 max. Cr 17.0 19.0 Ni 9.00 11.0 Ti 5 x C 0.70 C 0.12 max. Cr 17.0 19.0 Ni 8.00 11.0 Ti 5 x C 0.90 S 0.15 0.30 C 0.08 max. Cr 17.0 19.0 Ni 9.00 11.0 Nb 10 x a...
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Figure 1.20 Continuous cooling time-temperature-transformation diagrams, a Applicable to forgings, plates and sections, b Applicable to heat treatment of bars These products exemplify more than any others the quality improvements that the improvements in steelmaking described in Section 1.3.3 have produced in tonnage steels. 1 lower maximum sulphur levels as low as 0.008 2 improved deoxidation with low inclusions and controlled morphology 3 very low hydrogen levels resulting from vacuum...