Fr
FIG. 14-20 a Circular or bell cap. b Tunnel cap. FIG. 14-21 Baffle plate shower deck . Typically the plate is half-moon in shape and is sloped slightly in the direction of liquid flow. Gas contacts the liquid as it showers from the plate, and a serrated lip or weir at the edge of the plate can be used to improve the distribution of liquid in the shower. The baffle plate operates with liquid dispersed and gas as the continuous phase and is used primarily in heat-transfer applications. In...
8
Data courtesy of the Norton Company. Operating conditions see text 38-mm ceramic Intalox saddles solute gases, 0.5-1.0 percent mole reagent conversions 33 percent pressure, 101 kPa 1 atm temperature, 16-24 C gas rate 1.3 kg s m2 1.1 m s liquid rates 3.4 to 6.8 kg s m2 packed height, 3.05 m tower diameter, 0.76 m. Multiply table values by 0.0624 to convert to lb'mol bft3 . Data courtesy of the Norton Company. Operating conditions see text 38-mm ceramic Intalox saddles solute gases, 0.5-1.0...
Gasinliquid Dispersions
General References Comprehensive treatments of bubbles or foams are given by Akers, Foams Symposium 1975, Academic Press, New York, 1973 Bendure, Tappi, 58, 83 1975 Benfratello, Energ Elettr., 30, 80, 486 1953 Berkman and Egloff, Emulsions and Foams, Reinhold, New York, 1941, pp. 1 12-152 Bikerman, Foams, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1975 Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia o Chemical Technology, 4th ed., Wiley, New York, 1993, pp. 82-145 Haberman and Morton, Report 802, David W. Taylor Model Basin,...
Multicomponent Systems
When no chemical reactions are involved in the absorption of more than one soluble component from an insoluble gas, the design conditions pressure, temperature, and liquid-to-gas ratio normally are determined by the volatility or the physical solubility of the least soluble component for which complete recovery is economical. Components of lower volatility higher solubility also will be recovered completely. The more volatile i.e., less soluble components will be only partially absorbed even...
100 1
FIG. 14-49 Pressure drop flooding correlation of Kister and Gill for 2-inch metal Pall rings. The upper chart is for nonaqueous systems, the lower chart for aqueous systems. To convert inches H2O ft to mm H2O m, multiply by 83.31. Sepn. Purif., 3, 19 1989 takes holdup into account and applies to random as well as structured packings. It is somewhat cumbersome to use and requires three constants for each packing type and size. Such constants have been evaluated, however, for a number of commonly...
50
Data by courtesy of Norton Company, Worcester, Mass. To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54 to convert feet per minute to meters per second, multiply by 0.0051. Data by courtesy of Norton Company, Worcester, Mass. To convert inches to centimeters, multiply by 2.54 to convert feet per minute to meters per second, multiply by 0.0051. extend to a lower pore size than carbon, Micro Metallic Division, Pall Corp., recommends Release 120A, 1959 a working limit of 8 ft min 0.044 m s to...
Packedtower Design 1
Methods for estimating the height of the active section of counter-flow differential contactors such as packed towers, spray towers, and falling-film absorbers are based on rate expressions representing mass transfer at a point on the gas-liquid interface and on material balances representing the changes in bulk composition in the two phases that flow past each other. The rate expressions are based on the interphase mass-transfer principles described in Sec. 5. Combination of such expressions...
Vplda
Evaluation of the integral in Eq. 14-86 requires a knowledge of the liquid-phase bulk concentration of B as a function of y. This relationship is obtained by means of a material balance around the tower, as shown in Eq. 14-73 . Numerical integration by a quadrature method such as Simpson's rule normally will be required for this calculation. Estimation of kL for Reversible Reactions When the reaction is of the form A A B, where B is a nonvolatile product and the equilibrium constant is defined...
15
FIG. 14-115 Experimental collection efficiencies of rectangular impactors. C is the Stokes-Cunningham correction factor pp, particle density, g cm3 Ug, superficial gas velocity, approaching the impactor openings, cm s and g, gas viscosity, P. Calvert, Yung, and Leung, NTIS Publ. PB-248050 based on Mercer and Chow, J. Coll. Interface Sci., 27, 75 1968 . Calvert reports pressure drop through tube banks to be largely unaffected by liquid loading and indicates that Grimison's correlations in Sec. 6...
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
FIG. 14-123 Experimental data of Calvert with air and water in mesh with vertical upflow, showing the effect of liquid loading on efficiency and reentrain-ment. To convert meters per second to feet per second, multiply by 3.281 to convert cubic centimeters per square centimeter-minute to cubic feet per square foot-minute, multiply by 0.0328. Calvert, Yung, and Leung, NTIS Publ. PB-248050, 1975. scrubbers of the types discussed in Sec. 17 and illustrated in Figs. 17-48 to 17-55 can be used to...
Gasliquid Contacting Systems 1
Gas-liquid contacting systems are utilized for transferring mass, heat, and momentum between the phases, subject to constraints of physical and chemical equilibrium. Process equipment for such systems is designed to achieve the appropriate transfer operations with a minimum expenditure of energy and capital investment. In this section emphasis is placed on the transfer of mass. Typical gas-liquid mass-transfer systems are Distillation Evaporation Distillation is the separation of the...
Wettedwall Columns
Wetted-wall or falling-film columns have found application in masstransfer problems when high-heat-transfer-rate requirements are concomitant with the absorption process. Large areas of open surface are available for heat transfer for a given rate of mass transfer in this type of equipment because of the low mass-transfer rate inherent in wetted-wall equipment. In addition, this type of equipment lends itself to annular-type cooling devices. Gilliland and Sherwood Ind. Eng. Chem., 26, 516 1934...