Doxford Jtype
Doxford J-type engines were built in long and short stroke versions in bore sizes of 580, 670 and 760 mm, and with three to nine cylinders delivering up to around 20 000 kW Table 14.1 . The engine is a single-acting two-stroke opposed-piston type with each cylinder having two pistons which move in opposite directions from a central combustion chamber. The pistons in each cylinder are connected to a three-throw section of the crankshaft, the lower piston being coupled to the centre throw by a...
Rl Type Engines
The RTA engine's immediate predecessor in the Sulzer low speed programme was the loop-scavenged RL series, of which examples remain in service and merit attention here. The RLA56, a small bore two-stroke engine introduced in 1977, incorporated the basic design concept of the successful RND and RNDM series but extended the power range at the lower end. This engine, of comparatively long stroke design, was the first model in the RLA series. It retained many of the design features of the then most...
Medium speed enginesintroduction
New designs and upgraded versions of established models have maintained the dominance of medium speed four-stroke diesel engines in the propulsion of smaller ships as well as larger specialist tonnage such as cruise vessels, car passenger ferries and ro-ro freight carriers. The larger bore designs can also target the mainstream cargo ship propulsion market formed by bulk carriers, containerships and tankers, competing against low speed two-stroke machinery. The growth of the fast ferry sector...
Isotta Fraschini
A family of high speed engines from Isotta Fraschini, part of Italy's Fincantieri group, is headed by the 170 mm bore 170 mm stroke 1700 series which is available in different versions for light, medium and heavy propulsion duties in commercial and military vessels, as well as for genset drives. A non-magnetic variant was developed for mine warfare vessels. The 1700 series embraces V8, 12 and 16-cylinder models, all with a 90-degree configuration arranged on a high tensile alloy iron crankcase...
Gmt
A wide range of medium speed engines was designed and produced over many years by Grandi Motori Trieste GMT , which was founded in the late 1960s to pool the diesel engine expertise and resources of Fiat, Ansaldo and CRDA, and rationalize the Italian enginebuilding industry. GMT later became part of the state-owned Fincantieri shipbuilding group's diesel engine division and in 1997 entered a new era as a member of the Wartsila Corporation see Chapter 27 , after which its own-design portfolio...
Wartsila 26
The 260 mm bore 320 mm stroke Wartsila 26 engine Figure 27.14 was launched in 1995 as an eventual replacement for the SW28 model in the Stork-Wartsila Diesel medium speed programme. The design is Figure 27.14 The W26 engine in V18-cylinder form. It is possible to change the lube oil filter while the engine is running Figure 27.14 The W26 engine in V18-cylinder form. It is possible to change the lube oil filter while the engine is running characterized by a high power density and the capability...
Rtflex Electronic Engines
The Sulzer RT-flex system, which will be progressively offered as an option for all models in the RTA programme, resulted from a project originated in the 1980s to develop an electronically-controlled low speed engine without the constraints imposed by mechanical drive of the fuel injection pumps and exhaust valve actuation pumps see the introductory chapter on Low Speed Engines. Traditional jerk-type fuel injection systems combine pressure generation, timing and metering in the injection pump...
O
Figure 10.26 Fuel valve with variable opening pressure the same excellent wear properties as those of Stellite but additionally offering an ability to withstand hot corrosion neck burning. A truly heavy duty fuel valve nozzle is thus available when required. MAN B amp W has addressed the potential for enhancing the reliability of combustion chamber components under increasing mean effective pressure conditions by rearranging the fuel valves in the cylinder cover. Originally, the 90-type large...
W26X version
A high performance variant, the Wartsila 26X engine, was developed for fast commercial and naval propulsion applications with respective outputs of 4800 kW, 6400 kW and 7200 kW at 1000 rev min from V12, 16 and 18-cylinder models on a mean effective pressure of 28.2 bar. Key components of the standard engine notably the crankshaft, cylinder heads and liners were redesigned and reinforced to suit the load profile imposed by fast ferry operation. Weight reductions in structural elements were also...
Wartsila 32
A new generation 320 mm bore model was introduced to the market in 1997, the Wartsila 32 exploiting a longer stroke 400 mm than its Vasa 32 predecessor and incorporating design features established on the Wartsila 20, 26, 38 and 46 engines detailed below . A higher output than its predecessor was offered 460 kW cylinder at 750 rev min on a mean effective pressure of 22.9 bar to give a power range up to 8280 kW from in-line six, eight and nine and V12, 16 and 18-cylinder versions. scope for...
Derating
An option available to reduce the specific fuel consumption of diesel engines is derated or so-called 'economy' ratings. This means operation of an engine at its normal maximum cylinder pressure for the design continuous service rating, but at lower mean effective pressure and shaft speed. By altering the fuel injection timing to adjust the mean pressure maximum pressure relationship the result is a worthwhile saving in fuel consumption. The horsepower required for a particular speed by a given...
Charge air humidification
Another way of introducing water into the combustion zone is by humidifying the scavenge air warm water is injected and evaporated in the air intake, whose absolute humidity is thereby increased. An early drawback was that too much water in the air can be harmful to the cylinder condition but the introduction of the anti-polishing ring in the liner see the chapter Medium Speed Engines Introduction has allowed a much higher humidity to be accepted. In the Combustion Air Saturation System CASS ,...
Intelligent engines
Both MAN B amp W Diesel and New Sulzer Diesel demonstrated 'camshaftless' operation with their research engines, applying electronically controlled fuel injection and exhaust valve actuation systems. Continuing R amp D will pave the way for a future generation of highly reliable 'intelligent engines' those which monitor their own condition and adjust parameters for optimum performance in all operating regimes, including fuel-optimized and emissions-optimized modes. An 'intelligent...
Turbo Compound Systems
The high efficiency of some modern large turbochargers is comfortably in excess of that required to pressure charge engines, allowing some of the exhaust gas to be diverted to drive a power turbine. A number of these turbo compound installations are in service, mainly in conjunction with MAN B amp W and Sulzer low speed engines, the investment particularly worthwhile in an era of high fuel prices. The power gas turbine is arranged either to supplement directly the propulsive effort of the...
159165
An extension of the same 'total economy' LSE concept later resulted in a 600 mm bore version. The current UEC programme embraces models with bore sizes of 330 mm, 370 mm, 430 mm, 450 mm, 500 mm, 520 mm, 600 mm, 750 mm and 850 mm in LA, LS, LSII and LSE versions, covering an output band from 1120 to 46 800 kW at 215 to 54 rev min Figures 11.4 and 11.5 . Typical performance curves and layout diagrams are shown in Figures 11.6 and 11.7. Development progress since 1955 is underlined by the LS-type...
MTU Series 8000 engine CR system
MTU subsequently applied an electronic common rail system to the group's largest-ever high speed engine, the 265 mm bore Series 8000, introduced in 2000 see Chapter 30 , whose V20-cylinder version develops up to 9000 kW at 1150 rev min. As on the Series 4000 engine, the system enables infinite variation of injection timing, volume and pressure over the entire engine performance curve. The supply of pressurized fuel to the injectors, however, is achieved by different means. On the Series 4000...
Zvezda
St Petersburg-based Zvezda's portfolio includes the interesting ChN 16 17 high speed radial engine formed from 160 mm bore 170 mm stroke cylinders. Seven-cylinder aluminium monobloc banks are grouped in a star-configuration to create 42-cylinder or 56-cylinder engines using either six or eight banks with a steel tunnel-type crankcase. An integral reversible gearbox or hydraulic transmission is available for parallel operation with gas turbines. Another variant offered is a 112-cylinder power...
Wartsila 50df Engine Details
Based on the well proven Wartsila 46 diesel engine, but with special systems for dual-fuel operation, the 50DF is produced in six-cylinder in-line to V18-cylinder configurations yielding 950 kW per cylinder at a speed of 500 or 514 rev min. A thermal efficiency of 47 per cent higher than any other gas engine is claimed, and the engine delivers the same output whether running on natural gas, light fuel oil or heavy fuel oil. The air-fuel ratio is very high, typically 2.2 1. Since the same...
Piston and connecting rod
Spacer for channelling coolant to the upper section of the liner and to the coolant pipes . Each power unit is attached to the crankcase by four hydraulically-tightened stud bolts which have to withstand the high ignition pressures but do not perform a sealing function. A good seal is effected by securing the cylinder liner directly to the cylinder head from below with 24 bolts. By separating the functions of sealing and retention, MTU explains, wider design scope was created for optimizing...
Fuel nozzles
Different fuel nozzle types and designs have a significant impact on NOx formation, and the intensity of the fuel injection also has an influence. The increased mean effective pressure ratings of modern engines require increased flow areas throughout the fuel valve which, in turn, leads to increased sac volumes in the fuel nozzle itself and a higher risk of after-dripping. Consequently, more fuel from the sac volume may enter the combustion chamber and contribute to the emission of smoke and...
External unbalanced moments
The inertia forces originating from the unbalanced rotating and reciprocating masses of the engine create unbalanced external moments although the external forces are zero. Of these moments, only the 1st order producing one cycle per revolution and the 2nd order two cycles per revolution need to be considered, and then only for engines with a low number of cylinders. The inertia forces on engines with more than six cylinders tend, more or less, to neutralize themselves. Countermeasures have to...
Za40 And Za40s Engines
The current ZA40S programme is released with a rating of 750 kW cylinder at 510 rev min on a mean effective pressure of 25.1 bar and with a mean piston speed of 9.5 m s. Six, eight and nine in-line and V12, 14, 16 and 18-cylinder models cover a power band from 4500 kW to 13 500 kW. Figure 26.6 . The crankcase is fabricated for in-line cylinder engines while V-form versions feature a cast iron monobloc. The originally fabricated two-part design of the Z-engine frame was superseded by a monobloc...
Cylinder Lubricant Feed Rates
Cylinder oil feed rates should be set with a reasonable margin of safety on the recommendations of the enginebuilder designer. A high Figure 4.8 Arrangement of Alpha electronic cylinder lubricant system MAN B amp W Diesel Figure 4.8 Arrangement of Alpha electronic cylinder lubricant system MAN B amp W Diesel oil feed rate, far greater than 150 per cent nominal, is seldom required other than for a short period during running-in or when special circumstances justify it. There have been reports...
L4054 and LV4860 engines
The L58 64 engine was followed on the market in 1987 by the L40 54 derivative, MAN B amp W Diesel's experience with 400 mm bore designs at the time extending back over 20 years. The 40 45 design was introduced in the 1970s as an updated shorter stroke version of the RV40 54 series which made its debut in the mid-1960s as a 'first generation' modern medium speed engine. These older long stroke Figure 22.11 L58 64 engine composite piston Figure 22.11 L58 64 engine composite piston Figure 22.12...
Niigata 1
The FX series from Niigata Engineering was completed in 1996 with a 205 mm bore model to complement the established 165 mm and 260 mm high speed engines in a programme developed for fast commercial and military vessel propulsion. The resulting 16FX, 20FX and 26FX models offer maximum continuous outputs from 1000 kW to 7200 kW in commercial service, with slightly higher ratings available for naval propulsion. The 16FX engine is produced in in-line eight, V12- and V16-cylinder versions running at...
Info Mle
of that oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide the moment it escapes as exhaust gas. Sulphur oxides SOx produced by oxidation of the sulphur in the fuel have an unpleasant odour, irritate the mucus membrane and are a major source of acid rain reacting with water to form sulphurous acid . Acid deposition is a trans-boundary pollution problem once emitted, SOx can be carried over hundreds of miles in the atmosphere before being deposited in lakes and streams, reducing their alkalinity. Sulphur deposition...
Wr21
The only advanced-cycle marine gas turbine currently on the market, the WR-21 was developed by Northrop Grumman in the USA and Rolls-Royce during the 1990s with funding from the US Navy, UK Royal Navy and French Navy. It is the first aero-derived gas turbine to incorporate compressor intercooling and exhaust heat recuperation Figure 31.20 to foster a low specific fuel consumption across the Figure 31.20 Intercooled recuperator ICR system applied to the Rolls-Royce WR-21 gas turbine Figure 31.20...
W38A specification
Engine block underslung crankshaft integrated air receiver single-piece casting for all cylinder numbers and arranged for resilient mounting with screwed-on feet. Crankshaft fully balanced and designed for space saving, maximum overall rigidity and moderate bearing loads. The crankshaft of the V-cylinder models has undercuts for both the main and pin fillet, the design combining a short cylinder distance and maximum bearing length. Normal fillets are applied in the in-line cylinder engines....
RTA84C and RTA96C engines
Introduced in September 1988 for propelling the coming generation of larger and faster containerships, the RTA84C was developed from the RTA84, already established in that market. In 1993 its power output was increased by six per cent, the cylinder cover modified and the number of fuel nozzles increased from two to three these measures contributed to a reduction in the thermal load of the combustion chamber. The current performance of the series, shown in the table, equates to a maximum output...
Semtpielstick
The Paris-based designer SEMT-Pielstick fields three long-established high speed programmes, the PA4, PA5 and PA6 series. The PA4 is produced in 185 mm and 200 mm bore versions both having a stroke of 210 mm and features a variable geometry VG pre-combustion chamber and the PA5 is a 255 mm bore 270 mm stroke design. Development has benefited the 280 mm bore PA6 design, introduced in 1971 with a stroke of 290 mm and a maximum continuous rating of 258 kW cylinder at 1000 rev min. The output was...
Injection And Combustion
The essence of a diesel engine is the introduction of finely atomized fuel into the air compressed in the cylinder during the piston's inward stroke. It is, of course, the heat generated by this compression, which is normally nearly adiabatic, that is crucial in achieving ignition. Although the pressure in the cylinder at this point is likely to be anything up to 200 bar, the fuel pressure at the atomizer will be of the order of 1300-1800 bar. There is a body of evidence to suggest that high...
Wartsila 38
The 380 mm bore 475 mm stroke W38 design was developed by Wartsila Diesel's Dutch subsidiary Stork-Wartsila Diesel as a replacement for its ageing TM410 engine see Chapter 28 , filling a power gap in the group portfolio between the Vasa 32 and W46 designs. The W38 series was introduced in 1993 with a specific rating of 660 kW cylinder at 600 rev min to cover a power band from 3960 kW to 11 880 kW with six, eight and nine in-line and V12-, 16- and 18-cylinder models Figure 27.17 . The design was...
Practical Cycles
While the theoretical cycle facilitates simple calculation, it does not exactly represent the true state of affairs. This is because 1. The manner in which, and the rate at which, heat is added to the compressed air the heat release rate is a complex function of the hydraulics of the fuel injection equipment and the characteristic of its operating mechanism of the way the spray is atomized and distributed in the combustion space of the air movement at and after top dead centre TDC and to a...
Mirrlees Blackstone
An impressive medium speed enginebuilding tradition was established by Mirrlees Blackstone of the UK which traced its roots back to the first British licence arranged with Dr Diesel at the end of the 19th century. The Stockport-based company was acquired by the MAN B amp W Diesel group from Alstom Engines in June 2000, along with Paxman and Ruston. Mirrlees Blackstone's final programme now phased out was headed by the 800 kW cylinder MB430L engine, a 430 mm bore 560 mm stroke in-line cylinder...
BV engine
The first BV engines twin V12-cylinder models, each developing 5294 kW at 750 rev min were delivered in 1998 for powering a large anchor handling tug supply vessel. The BV design is based on a single-piece engine block cast in GGG500 nodular iron carrying two banks of cylinders in a 55-degree V-configuration, an underslung crankshaft and two camshafts it also incorporates the charge air receiver between the cylinder banks Figures 23.2 and 23.3 . The camshafts are located outside each bank and...
MAN low speed engines
Low speed marine diesel engines built by Maschinenfabriek Augsburg-Nurnberg MAN were of single-acting two-stroke crosshead design exploiting loop scavenging. The programme was phased out after the German company's acquisition of Danish-based rival Burmeister amp Wain in 1980 and replaced by the MAN B amp W MC series Chapter 10 . MAN's KSZ design Figure 15.1 was introduced in the mid-1960s and followed progressively by the KSZ-A, KSZ-B and KSZ-C types, each embodying refinements to promote...
Fuels and lubes chemistry and treatment
Fuel remains one of the highest single cost factors in running a ship and also the source of the most potent operating problems. The reason for this is that new refining techniques, introduced as a result of political developments in the Middle East in 1973 74, have meant that fluid catalytic cracking and vis breaking have produced a more concentrated residual fuel of very poor quality. This residual fuel is the heavy fuel oil traditionally supplied to ships as bunkers and used in the majority...
6070mc
Cylinder cover a solid steel component provided with bored passages for cooling water, a central bore for the exhaust valve, and bores for fuel valves, safety valve, starting valve and indicator valve. Piston an oil-cooled piston crown, made of heat-resistant chrome-molybdenum steel, is rigidly bolted to the piston rod to allow distortion-free transmission of the firing pressure. The piston has four ring grooves which are hard chrome plated on both upper and lower surfaces of the grooves. A...
Series 595
A power range from 2000 kW to 4320 kW at 1500-1800 rev min is covered by the 190 mm bore 210 mm stroke Series 595 engine, introduced in 1990 in V12- and V16-cylinder versions for propulsion and genset applications Figure 30.15 . Contributing to a compact design yielding power-to-weight ratios of under 3 kg kW and a power-to-space ratio of 250 kW m3 including all ancillaries are the following features a V72-degree cylinder configuration with all ancillaries arranged for space saving within the...
TriboPack for extended TBO
The time-between-overhaul TBO of low speed marine diesel engines is largely determined by the piston running behaviour and its effect on the wear of piston rings and cylinder liners. Addressing this, Sulzer introduced a package of design measures in 1999, which are now standard on all new RTA engines and retrofittable to existing engines. The TriboPack technology enables the TBO of cylinder components, including piston ring renewal, to be extended to at least three years and also allows a...
Combustion chamber components
The combustion chamber of RL type engines is principally of the same shape as that of the RND-M. The cylinder cover is basically a one-piece steel block with cooling bores, while an identical arrangement of bore cooling is applied to the upper collar of the cylinder liner which is made from lamellar cast iron, a material of good heat conductivity and wear resistance. Figure 12.41 shows the arrangement with cover, cylinder liner and piston. A new type of piston crown was introduced for the RL...
Mtu Common Rail System For High Speed Engines
Development work on common rail fuel injection systems by MTU from 1990 benefited the German designer's Series 4000 high speed model see Chapter 30 which was introduced in 1996 as the first production engine in its class to feature such a system Figure 8.19 . The group's Stuttgart-based specialist subsidiary L'Orange Einspritzsysteme was responsible for developing system components. Research and development progressed from a pilot project on single-cylinder engines and an eight-cylinder...
Series 8000 engine
MTU's thrust in commercial and naval propulsion sectors was strengthened in 2000 with the introduction of its most powerful-ever engine, the advanced 265 mm bore Series 8000 design Figure 30.17 . Innovative fuel injection, turbocharging and electronic management systems proven on earlier MTU engines are exploited, while a new modular power unit-based structure helps to ease maintenance and minimise life-cycle costs. The Series 8000 engine was conceived with the aim of consolidating the...
S20 Engine
Introduced in 1988 for genset drives and small-ship propulsion, the Sulzer S20 engine was distinguished by a significantly higher stroke bore ratio 1.5 1 than established contenders in its class typically with ratios between 1 and 1.2 . The 200 mm bore 300 mm stroke design was available in four-, six-, eight- and nine-cylinder in-line versions with a maximum rating of 160 kW cylinder at 1000 rev min on marine diesel oil or heavy fuel oil. A power band from 460 kW to 1440 kW was covered over a...
Storkwerkspoor Diesel
Formed in 1954 by the merger of Stork and Werkspoor, along with other interests in the Dutch enginebuilding industry, Stork-Werkspoor Diesel SWD was acquired in 1989 by the Finland-based multi-national Wartsila Diesel group, now the Wartsila Corporation. SWD's own-design medium speed engines were gradually phased out of the production programme and replaced by the Wartsila 26 and 38 series Chapter 27 , largely designed by SWD staff and subsequently manufactured in Zwolle, The Netherlands. These...
Mitsubishi low speed engines
The dominance enjoyed for many years by MAN B amp W and Sulzer in the low speed two-stroke crosshead engine sector is challenged by Mitsubishi, the only other contender in the international arena. The Japanese group has widened its UEC portfolio in recent years to offer new and refined models across the full propulsion power spectrum. Mitsubishi has traditionally served its home market but a stronger direct-export thrust has earned installations in ships built for European and other overseas...
Fuel Oil Treatment
Low, medium and high speed diesel engines are designed to burn marine diesel oil ISO 8217, class DMB or BS 6843, class DMB while low speed and many medium speed engines can also accept commercially available heavy fuel oil HFO with a viscosity up to 700 cSt 7000 sec Redwood No. 1 . In order to ensure effective and sufficient cleaning of the HFO removing water and solid contaminants the fuel oil specific gravity at 15 C should be below 0.991. Higher densities up to 1.010 can be accepted if...
Undercritical running
The natural frequency of the one-node vibration is so adjusted that resonance with the main critical order occurs about 35-45 per cent above the engine speed at specified maximum continuous rating mcr . The characteristics of an undercritical system are normally Relatively short shafting system. Turning wheel with relatively low inertia. Large diameter shafting, enabling the use of shafting material with a moderate ultimate tensile strength, but requiring careful shaft alignment due to...
Wartsila CR system for medium speed engines
A common rail fuel system developed by Wartsila in conjunction with Delphi Bryce for application to the group's heavy fuel-burning medium speed engines is modular, with common components designed to serve engines with cylinder numbers from 4 to 18. Development was stimulated by increasing market pressure, especially from passenger tonnage, for no visible smoke emissions under any circumstances. The Wartsila system Figure 8.21 is based on a pressurizing pump and a fuel accumulator for every two...
Working Cycles
A diesel engine may be designed to work on the two-stroke or on the four-stroke cycle both of these are explained below. They should not be confused with the terms 'single-acting' or 'double-acting', which relate to whether the working fluid the combustion gases acts on one or both sides of the piston. Note, incidentally, that the opposed piston two-stroke engine in service today is single-acting. Figure 1.5 shows diagrammatically the sequence of events throughout the typical four-stroke cycle...