Surface Condenser
FIGURE 35 Typical hookup for submergence controlled condensate pump FIGURE 35 Typical hookup for submergence controlled condensate pump 0 20 40 6 0 80 100 FIGURE 36 Characteristic of a condensate pump operating on a submergence-controlled system 0 20 40 6 0 80 100 FIGURE 36 Characteristic of a condensate pump operating on a submergence-controlled system ate a shock wave of a high enough intensity to inflict physical damage on the pump parts. If, however, higher values of NPSH were required as...
Standard Contracted Weir
FIGURE 13 Standard contracted weirs and temporary bulkhead with contracted rectangular weir discharging at free flow FIGURE 13 Standard contracted weirs and temporary bulkhead with contracted rectangular weir discharging at free flow FIGURE 14 Typical suppressed weir in a flume drop FIGURE 14 Typical suppressed weir in a flume drop FIGURE 15 Standard weir, or staff, gage FIGURE 15 Standard weir, or staff, gage head H in feet meters and the crest length L in feet meters . The discharge of the...
References Hpk
1. Von Nimitz, W. W. Reliability and Performance Assurance in the Design of Reciprocating Compressor and Pump Installation. 1974 Purdue Compressor Technology Conference. 2. Sparks, C. R., and Wachel, J. C. Pulsation in Centrifugal Pump and Piping Systems. Hydrocarbon Processing, July 1977, p. 183. 3. Hayward, A. T. J. How to Estimate the Bulk Modulus of Hydraulic Fluids. Hydraulic Pneumatic Power, Jan. 1970, p. 28. 4. Wright, W. A. Prediction of Bulk Moduli and Pressure-Volume-Temperature Data...
The Saturn V Booster Rocket Engines
The Saturn V booster rocket was used in the Apollo program of the 1960s and '70s, which landed men on the moon. This rocket had a vertical height of more than 350 ft 197 m at launch. The first or lowest stage was the largest and was propelled by five F-1 engines, each producing 1.5 million pounds 6.7 million N of thrust. Propellants were liquid oxygen and RP1. Each engine was topped by a turbopump assembly that included both pumps on the same shaft and driven by the same hot-gas turbine. A...
Fatigue
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps are subjected to cyclical loading, which, if not considered during design, will result in a limited life due to material fatigue. In combination with a corrosive environment, material fatigue can be accelerated due to what is commonly referred to as environmentally assisted fatigue. The one essential parameter in component fatigue is the presence of an alternating or cyclic load. In general, pumps are machines that have either fluid or mechanically induced...
Installation 1
instruction books Instruction books are intended to help keep the pumps in an efficient and reliable condition at all times. It is necessary, therefore, that instruction books be available to all personnel involved in this function. Preparation for Shipment After a pump is assembled in the manufacturer's shop, it should be suitably prepared for the type of shipment the purchaser has specified. This can include blocking of the rotor, when necessary. If the rotor is blocked, this should be...
Further Reading Hdm
Beranek, L. L. Noise Reduction. In Noise and Vibration Control, paper for program at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 1960 published by McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971. Edison Electric Institute, Electric Power Plant Environmental Noise Guide, No. 78-51 chap. 4, Washington, D.C., 1978. Kamis, P. A. Techniques for Reducing Noise in Industrial Hydraulic Systems. Pollution Eng., May 1975, p. 46. Kondo, M., et al. Pressure Fluctuations in Pump Pipeline. In Proceedings of the 17th Congress IAHR, 1977-78....
Calculation Of Slurry Pump Wear
The general selection rules noted earlier aim at keeping wear to generally acceptable levels, but are otherwise non-quantitative. Finite element and other methods such as those described by Addie et al. 1996 or Pagalthivarthi 1991 are now available. They allow particle velocities inside a pump to be calculated, which, using material wear tests coefficients as described by Pagalthivarthi 1990 , can be used to determine wear rates and component lives. For example, numerical simulations allow...
Central Priming Systems
If there is more than one centrifugal pump to be primed in an installation, one priming device can be made to serve all the pumps. Such an arrangement is called a central priming system Figure 6 . If the priming device and the venting of the pumps are automatically controlled, the system is called a central automatic priming system. Vacuum-Controlled Automatic Priming System A vacuum-controlled automatic priming system consists of a vacuum pump exhausting a tank. The pump is controlled by...
Types of Intake
once-through ocean, lake, OR river SOURCE WET pit Once-through intake structures are usually constructed of concrete and are arranged to gather the water into a localized area for pickup and to support the pumps. The optimum design will bring relatively clear water directly into the pump suction area at a low velocity. It is recommended that the submergence of the pumps and the dimensions of the suction pit in the immediate vicinity of the pump suction inlet be as suggested by the pump...
Problems Encountered In Pump Intakes
The various hydraulic problems associated with a pump pit include formation of surface and subsurface vortices, prerotation and swirl, and flow separation at or near the suction bell of either wet-pit or dry-pit centrifugal pumps Figures 1a and 2 . Any of these problems can adversely affect pump performance by causing cavitation, vibrations, or loss of efficiency.1 Usually there is more than a single reason for these problems, and the extent of the combined effects is difficult to predict...
Bottoming Ring
FIGURE 74 A conventional stuffing box with a bottoming ring FIGURE 75 A lantern ring also called a seal cage When sealing is accomplished by means of a mechanical seal, the seals are installed in a seal chamber. When sealing is accomplished by means of packing, the seal chamber is commonly referred to as a stuffing box. For general service pumps, a stuffing box usually takes the form of a cylindrical recess that accommodates a number of rings of packing around the shaft or shaft sleeve see...
Hazen Williams Nomogram
0.8492Cr063 0.8492 X 100 X 0.648063 S 0.0562 1 054 0.0048 m m hf 1000 X 0.0048 4.8 m The problem may also be solved by using Figure 34, following the trace lines Frictions Loss for Viscous Liquids Table 3 gives the frictional loss for viscous liquids flowing in new Schedule 40 steel pipe. Values of pressure loss are given for both laminar and turbulent flows. For laminar flow, the pressure loss is directly proportional to the viscosity and the velocity of flow and inversely proportional to the...
References Rxy
1. Marks Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. 9th ed. E. A. Avallone and T. Baumeister, eds., McGraw-Hill, 1987, pp. 3 56. 2. McCloskey, T., and Jones, G. Electric Utility Applications for Active Magnetic Bearings. Proceedings of MAG '92, Magnetic Bearings, Magnetic Drives and Dry Gas Seals Conference and Exhibition, University of Virginia, July 1992, pp. 3 18. 3. Cooper, P., McGinnis, G., Janik, G., Jones, G., and Shultz, R. Application of Magnetic Bearings in a Multistage Boiler Feed...
Wear Mechanisms And Materials
As noted earlier, wear in a slurry pump can be severe. It is not possible, therefore, to use normal cast iron or other materials. Ideally, the life of components should be a year or more. In practice, even with the best design and materials, it can sometimes be as low as a month. Understanding wear and using the correct materials is key in the design of a slurry pump. The major erosive mechanisms are sliding abrasion and particle impact. The sliding-abrasion mode of wear typically involves a...
Further Reading Prw
Aten, R. E. Alternative Cooling Water Sources for the 'Water-Short' Midwestern States. Paper presented at American Power Conference, Chicago, IL, 1979. Budris, A. R., and Mayleben, P. A. Effects of Entrained Air, NPSH Margin, and Suction Piping on Cavitation in Centrifugal Pumps. 15th International Pump Users Symposium, Turbomachinery Laboratory, Texas A amp M University, College Station, TX, 1998. Dicmas, J. L. Development of an Optimum Sump Design for Propeller and Mixed Flow Pumps. Paper...
Wc Krutzsch P Cooper
Since the publication of the first edition of this handbook in 1976, the involvement of the world in general, and of the United States in particular, with the SI system of units has become quite common. Accordingly, throughout this book, SI units have been provided as a supplement to the United States customary system of units USCS . This should make it easier, particularly for readers in metric countries, who will no longer find it necessary to make either approximate mental transpositions or...
References Wvl
1. Stepanoff, A. J. Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps. 2d ed. Wiley, New York, 1948. 2. Moors, J. A. Criteria for the Development of Siphonic Action in Pumping Plant Discharge Lines. Paper presented at Hydraulic Division, ASCE Annual Convention, New York, October 1957. 3. Richards, R. T. Air Binding in Water Pipelines. AWWA. J. 53, 1962. 4. Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe. Technical Paper 410, 15th printing, Crane, New York, 1980. 5. Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book,...
Info Bsf
FIGURE 34 Axial thrust response to recirculation. Source Flowserve Corporation pulsation behavior just described and also improve the low-flow performance curve shape65. The results are high-energy pumps that can operate smoothly over a wider range of flow rate than in many cases was originally expected or specified. Nevertheless, the higher the energy level, the more intolerable is any unsteadiness and pressure pulsation activity. Minimum Flow Limits Because the intensity of pressure...
Pump Design And Materials
Constant operational readiness and a high degree of operational reliability are the most important aspects of fire pump designs. Although not mandatory, the features listed and described next are recommended for fire pumps. 468 10s 2 468 10s 2 4 6 8 104 2 468 10s 468 10s 2 468 10s 2 4 6 8 104 2 468 10s 102 2 4 6 a 103 2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 108, 2 4 6 8 10 FIGURE 8 Recommended operating speeds for single suction fire pumps Hydraulic Institute ANSI HI 2000 Edition Pump Standards, Refernce 1 102 2 4...
Pressure Pulsations In Pumping Systems
Motor-driven centrifugal pumps often produce objectionable pressure pulsations in pump discharge lines. The frequency of these pulsations results from the rotating and stationary components of the pump. The following pressure pulsation frequencies have been observed at a number of major pump installations 1. Fundamental shaft frequency, once-per-revolution pressure pulsation 2. Impeller vane frequency, product of the shaft frequency and the number of impeller vanes 3. Scroll case frequency,...
Is Above The Pump
FIGURE 9 Recommended installation of reducers at pump suction Generally, the suction line is larger than the pump suction nozzle and eccentric reducers should be used. If the source of supply is above the pump centerline, the reducer should be installed straight side up. If the source of supply is above the pump, the straight side of the reducer should be at the bottom Figure 9 . Installing eccentric reducers with a change in diameters greater than 4 in 10 cm could disturb the suction flow. If...
NPSHA or NPSHa available NPSH
NPSHR or NPSHr required NPSH to prevent significant loss gt 3 of pump Ap or to protect the pump against cavitation damage, whichever is greater. VPSH3 or NPSH3 required NPSH to prevent significant loss gt 3 of pump Ap this is the performance NPSH defined in Section 2.3.1. nb or Zi number of impeller blades. nq specific speed in rpm, m3 s, m units Eq. 38b N 51.64 Eq. 39c . nv or Zd number of vanes in diffuser or stator. Ns or Ns US or ns specific speed in rpm, gpm, ft units Eq. 38a . Nss or S...
Impellers
In a single-suction impeller, the liquid enters the suction eye on one side only. A double-suction impeller is, in effect, two single-suction impellers arranged back to back in a single casing. The liquid enters the impeller simultaneously from both sides, while the two casing suction passageways are connected to a common suction passage and a single suction nozzle. For the general service single-stage, axially split casing design, a double-suction impeller is favored because it is...
The Space Shuttle Main Engines
The space shuttle program, which began in the 1970s, dealt with a launch vehicle that was flanked by two large solid-fueled rockets. In the middle at the base were three liquid-fueled main engines, each having nearly 500,000 lb 2.2 million N thrust and propelled by hydrogen fuel and oxygen at a mixture mass ratio of 6 1 oxygen to hydrogen . Each of these space shuttle main engines SSME's has a dedicated pumping system, consisting of a low-pressure single-stage inducer-type pump for each...
Condensate Injection Requirements
Because boiler-feed and reactor-feed pumps normally have high feedwater temperatures, 250 to 500 F 120 to 260 C , with consequent vapor pressures higher than external atmospheric conditions, the seal leakage must be cooled to avoid flashing in the stuffing box or outside the pump. This cooling is usually accomplished by injecting cold condensate from a power plant condensate pump directly into the seal to cool the stuffing box components as well as the seal leakage. The amount of condensate...
W D Haentjens
It might be asked why pumps used in mining services receive a separate classification when the types involved do not differ in principle or in general appearance from those used in fresh-water service. The answer is the need for utmost reliability and an ability to withstand both corrosive and abrasive waters. Not all mine waters are corrosive, but almost all mine waters from active mines are abrasive because of the suspended solids from the mining operations. Much can be done to limit the...
Horace J Maxwell David A Kalix
In designing centrifugal pumps, engineers strive to develop specific internal geometry that will produce head and flow with low energy loss. Each pump is designed for a specific head versus flowrate for the given impeller speed. The head and flowrate on this family of characteristic curves where the energy loss is minimum is known as the Best Efficiency Point BEP . In application, pumps spend a significant portion, if not all of their life, operating at conditions other than BEP. This is normal...
18
TABLE 6 Guidelines for acceptable plunger speeds If a variable frequency drive VFD is used for pump speed capacity control, torque fluctuations or pulsations may require the drive manufacturer to provide special electronic dampening circuits. The normal pulsating flow of the pump causes the input power to fluctuate at approximately the same magnitude as the flow pulses. The frequency of these pulses per revolution of the crankshaft is twice the number of cylinders see Table 5 . If the pump has...
Priming Inductors
If a separate source of liquid of sufficient capacity and pressure is available, it can be used to fill the suction line of the pump to be primed through the use of an inductor, as shown in Figure 3. For water, the pressure must be equal to about 4 lb in2 for each foot 90 kPa for each meter of head necessary to prime the pump, measured from the lowest liquid level in the sump from which priming must be accomplished to the top of the pump. The amount of liquid necessary depends on the pressure....
Noise Measurement
In very general terms, sound consists of cyclic modulations of ambient pressure at frequencies that are detectable to the human ear, normally between 30 Hz and 17 kHz. For our purposes, noise is simply unwanted sound. The complications in measuring noise or in assessing its effects on personnel arise chiefly because of the remarkable complexity of the human ear and its very nonlinear acoustic response with both frequency and amplitude. FIGURE 12 Three possible pipe wrap configurations 1 to 2.54...
SteamTurbinePropelled Vessels
feed pumps A main feed pump is used to return water to a steam-powered vessel's boilers or steam generators. On a typical steam ship with fossil-fueled boilers, a main feed pump takes suction from a deaerating feed tank DFT and discharges feedwater to the steam drum in each of the vessel's boilers. In many cases, a main feed pump's discharge is connected to two separate lines that both lead to the boilers a main feed line and an auxiliary feed line. In addition, the feedwater usually passes...
Can Pump Intakes
A can pump is defined as one that has a can, or barrel, surrounding the pumping unit. This can acts as a sump or intake structure for the pump suction impeller. The can may be either closed bottom, and contain the pump suction nozzle, or open bottom and connect directly to a piping header. The can design must provide uniform, stable flow distribution to the suction impeller inlet. Vertical turbine pumps Figure 19 require uniform inflow to the suction bell to avoid swirling and submerged...
Sealing
The area around the sealing chamber probably causes more chemical pump failures than all other parts combined. The problem of establishing a seal between a rotating shaft and the stationary pump parts is one of the most intricate and vexing problems facing the pump designer. Packings Braided fluorocarbon resins, aluminum, graphite, and many other materials or combinations of materials have been used to establish a seal discussed in more detail in Subsection 2.2.2 .A small amount of liquid must...
References Arr
1. IRD Mechanalysis. Methods of Vibration Analysis. Technical paper no. 104-1975, IRD, Cleveland. 2. Garguilo, E. P. Jr. A Simple Way To Estimate Bearing Stiffness. Machine Design, July 24, 1980, p. 107. 3. Dodd, V. R. Total Alignment. Petroleum Publishing, Tulsa, 1975. 4. Alignment Tutorium. Proc. Tax. A amp M Turbomachinery Sym., December 1980. 5. Sobre, J. S. Operating Problems with High Speed Turbomachinery Causes and Corrections, ASME Petroleum Mechanical Engineering Conference, Dallas,...
Info Ciy
FIGURE 11 Static head, piping friction, and valve loss determine the piping characteristic downstream of pump. FIGURE 11 Static head, piping friction, and valve loss determine the piping characteristic downstream of pump. FIGURE 12 Intersection of combined pump and piping characteristics is operating point I, II, III . will lift the entire pump curve up and move the intersection point to higher flow rate and head. Decreased pressure in a boiler drum will lower the entire system curve and move...
Nema 1 Nema 12
Drive is capable of operating with power varying as the cube of speed maximum. Specifically, these ratings are not suitable for constant-torque applications. Drive is capable of operating with power varying as the cube of speed maximum. Specifically, these ratings are not suitable for constant-torque applications. FIGURE 4 Block diagram for wound-rotor induction motor with liquid rheostat secondary power General Electric FIGURE 4 Block diagram for wound-rotor induction motor with liquid...
316 Aus Vtg
The abbreviation above the diagonal line indicates the case material the abbreviation below the diagonal line indicates trim material. Abbreviations are as follows BRZ bronze, STEL steel, 12 CHR 12 chrome, AUS austenitic stainless steel, CI cast iron, 316 AUS Type 316 austenitic stainless steel. Parts designated as full compliance materials shall meet all the requirements of the industry specification listed for the material. Parts not designated as full compliance materials shall be made of...
Packing Lubricant
The packing size for an existing piece of equipment can be found by using the formula TABLE 3 Packing sizes for rotating shafts Shaft or sleeve Diameter, in mm Packing size, in mm 5 to 11 15 to 30 1 to 1 8 30 to 50 18 to 3 50 to 75 3 to 4 75 to 120 4 to 12 120 to 305 4 6.3 16 8 8 10 2 12.5 8 16 FIGURE 3 A smothering gland and water-cooled stuffing box FIGURE 3 A smothering gland and water-cooled stuffing box For packing to operate properly, the finish on the shaft sleeve must be at least 16 min...
316 Aus Svu
Material Class and Material Abbreviations0
316 Aus Hpw
a The abbreviation above the diagonal line indicates Ihe case material, the abbreviation below It diagonal line indicates trim material Abbreviations are as follows BRZ bronze, STL - sleel. 12 CHR x 12 chrome. AUS austenitic stainless steel, CI cast irori, 316 AUS Type 316 austerritic staWess steel b See 2.11.1.1 a The abbreviation above the diagonal line indicates Ihe case material, the abbreviation below It diagonal line indicates trim material Abbreviations are as follows BRZ bronze, STL -...
References Tme
1. Pfleiderer, C. Die Kreiselpumpen f r Fl ssigkeiten und Gase. 5te Auflage, SpringerVerlag, 1961. 2. G lich, J., Favre, J. N., and Denus, K. An Assessment of Pump Impeller Performance Predictions by 3D-Navier Stokes Calculations. Third International Symposium on Pumping Machinery S239 , ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Paper No. FEDSM97-3341, June 1997. 3. Rupp, W. E. High Efficiency Low Specific Speed Centrifugal Pump. U.S. Patent No. 3,205,828, September 14, 1965. 4. Barske,...
Introduction Drd
Applications of Slurry Transport Vast tonnages are pumped every year in the form of solid-liquid mixtures, known as slurries. The majority of applications are short-distance in-plant installations, mainly in the minerals industry. A large plant may contain several hundred centrifugal pumps handling various types of slurries. The application that involves the largest quantities is the dredging industry, continually maintaining navigation in harbors and rivers, altering coastlines and winning...
Special Requirements For Nuclear Service Pumps
It is in the area of special requirements that nuclear service pumps differ most widely from commercial products. These special requirements, described in greater detail later, far exceed the requirements of the general industrial field and illustrate the strong emphasis placed upon pressure integrity and pump operability. Nuclear-grade pumps are designed, built, inspected, tested, and installed to rigid standards of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the American Society of Mechanical...
Classification And Nomenclature
A centrifugal pump consists of a set of rotating vanes enclosed within a housing or casing that is used to impart energy to a fluid through centrifugal force. Thus, stripped of all refinements, a centrifugal pump has two main parts 1 a rotating element, including an impeller and a shaft, and 2 a stationary element made up of a casing, casing cover, and bearings. In a centrifugal pump, the liquid is forced by atmospheric or other pressure into a set of rotating vanes. These vanes constitute an...
Refinery Pumps
Major refinery processes are crude distillation, vacuum tower separation, catalytic conversion, alkylation, hydrocracking, catalytic reforming, coking, and hydrotreatment for the removal of sulfur and nitrogen. The products resulting from these processes include motor gasoline, commercial jet fuel and kerosene, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil and lubricating oils. The American Petroleum Institute Standard 610, Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry...
Vts Centrifugal
FIGURE 60 Dimensionless characteristic curves for DeLaval L 10 8 pump, constant-discharge turbine operation Reference 63 FIGURE 60 Dimensionless characteristic curves for DeLaval L 10 8 pump, constant-discharge turbine operation Reference 63 It is assumed that turbine mode characteristics of the proposed pump are not available when the initial selection is made. FIGURE 62 Dimensionless characteristics curves for FIGURE 63 Dimensionless characteristic curves for Peerless 10MH pump,...
Abnormal Operation
Complete Pump Characteristics Many types of abnormal operation involve reversed pump rotation, reversed flow direction, or both, and special tests are required to cover these modes of operation. Several methods of organizing the data have been proposed, and each has certain advantages. The Thoma diagrams shown in Figures 52 and 5345 are easily understood and are truly complete characteristics diagrams because all possible modes of operation are covered see also Reference 57 . Figure 54 shows...
References Ufo
1. Bonnington, S. T., and King, A. L. Jet Pumps and Ejectors A State of the Art Review and Bibliography. Published by BHRA Fluid Engineering, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 OAJ, United Kingdom, 1976. 2. Gosline, J. E., and O'Brien, M. P. The Water Jet Pump. University of California Publications in Engineering, v. 3, pp. 167 190, 1934. 3. Cunningham, R. G. Jet Pump Theory and Performance with Fluids of High Viscosity. Trans. ASME, v. 79, pp. 1807-1820, 1957. 4. Mueller, N. H. G. Water Jet Pump....
Settling Slurries
Velocity at Limit of Stationary Deposition The deposition limit will be discussed in this section, and the modelling of fully-stratified coarse-particle flow at velocities above the deposition limit in the following section. The results of a detailed force-balance computer model for the limit of stationary deposition showed that the throughput velocity Vm at this limit is concentration-dependent, having small values at low concentration, rising to a maximum denoted Vsm at some intermediate...